引用

俄乌战事不断升级，普京的核威慑似乎近在眼前。美国政府的官方网站ready于2月25日发布（3月3日更新）了一则面对核爆炸时紧急应对方法和后续辐射到达后清理事项，引发广泛关注。

俄乌战事不断升级，普京的核威慑似乎近在眼前。美国政府的官方网站ready于2月25日发布（3月3日更新）了一则面对核爆炸时紧急应对方法和后续辐射到达后清理事项，引发广泛关注。

核爆炸

核爆炸可能会因爆炸、高温和辐射而造成重大损害和人员伤亡，但您可以通过知道该怎么做并在发生这种情况时做好准备来确保家人的安全。

核武器是一种利用核反应产生爆炸的装置。

核设备的范围从个人携带的小型便携式设备到导弹携带的武器。

有或没有几分钟的警告可能会发生核爆炸。

辐射在爆炸后的最初几个小时内是最危险的，因为它会释放出最高水平的辐射。放射性尘埃需要一段时间才能回到地面，对于直接爆炸破坏区以外的区域，通常需要15分钟以上。这是足够的时间让您能够通过以下简单的步骤来防止严重的辐射暴露：

进入建筑物

进入最近的建筑物内以避免辐射。砖或混凝土是最好的。

如果放射性尘埃到达后您在外面，请脱掉受污染的衣服并擦掉或清洗未受保护的皮肤。洗手液不能防止掉落。尽可能避免触摸您的眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴。不要在皮肤上使用消毒湿巾。

去地下室或建筑物的中间。远离外墙和屋顶。尽量与不属于您家庭成员的人保持至少六英尺的距离。如果可能，如果您与不属于您家庭的人一起避难，请戴上口罩。两岁以下的儿童、呼吸困难的人以及无法自行摘下口罩的人不应佩戴。

呆在室内

除非地方当局提供其他指示，否则请留在室内24小时。戴上口罩，并与不属于您家庭的人保持至少六英尺的距离，继续保持社交距离。

家人应该留在他们所在的地方。稍后团聚以避免暴露于危险的辐射。

把你的宠物放在里面。

敬请关注

收听任何可获取官方信息的媒体，例如何时可以安全离开以及您应该去哪里。

电池供电和手摇收音机将在核爆炸后工作。

手机、短信、电视和互联网服务可能会中断或无法使用。

如何在发生核爆炸时保持安全

现在准备

确定避难所位置。确定靠近您花费大量时间的最佳避难所位置，例如家庭、工作和学校。最好的位置是地下和大型建筑物的中间。

在通勤时，确定适当的避难所，以防发生爆炸。由于 COVID-19，您上下班途中可能经过的许多地方可能已关闭或可能没有正常营业时间。

户外区域、车辆、活动房屋不能提供足够的庇护所。寻找地下室或大型多层建筑的中心。

确保您有一个应急用品包，可用于您经常去的地方并且可能需要停留24小时。它应该包括瓶装水、包装食品、急救药品、手摇曲柄或电池供电的收音机，以便在停电时获取信息、手电筒和用于基本物品的备用电池。如果可能，将耗材存放三天或更长时间。

如果可以的话，将肥皂、酒精含量至少为60%的洗手液、消毒湿巾和一般家用清洁用品等物品放在一边，这些物品可以用来对经常接触的表面进行消毒。洪水过后，您可能数天甚至数周都无法获得这些物资。请记住每个人的特定需求，包括药物治疗。不要忘记宠物的需求。为手机和其他关键设备获取额外的电池和充电设备。

做好准备可以让您避免不必要的旅行，并在家中解决轻微的医疗问题，减轻紧急护理中心和医院的负担。

请记住，并非每个人都可以通过囤积必需品来应对。对于那些负担得起的人来说，进行必要的购买并提前慢慢积累供应将使购物之旅之间的时间间隔更长。这有助于保护那些无法在大流行之前购买必需品并且必须更频繁地购物的人。此外，请考虑避免使用带有 WIC标签的产品，以便依赖这些产品的人可以使用它们。

生存期间

如果警告即将发生袭击，请立即进入最近的建筑物并远离窗户。这将有助于提供对爆炸的爆炸、热量和辐射的保护。

当您到达一个安全的地方后，请尽量与不属于您家庭成员的人保持至少六英尺的距离。如果可能，如果您与不属于您家庭的人一起避难，请戴上口罩。两岁以下的儿童、呼吸困难的人以及无法自行摘下口罩的人不应佩戴。

如果发生爆炸时您在户外，请在任何可能提供保护的东西后面躲避爆炸。面朝下躺下，以保护裸露的皮肤免受高温和飞溅的碎屑的影响。尽可能避免触摸您的眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴。如果您在车内，请安全停车并在车内蹲下。

冲击波通过后，进入最近的最佳避难所位置，以防止潜在的辐射。您将有10分钟或更长时间的时间来找到合适的避难所。

在后果到来之前待在里面。放射性尘埃到达后立即出现最高的室外辐射水平，然后随着时间的推移而降低。

请继续关注应急响应官员的最新指示。如果建议撤离，请听取有关路线、避难所和程序的信息。

如果您已经撤离，请在当地官员告知您可以安全撤离之前不要返回。

计划在疏散时与朋友或家人待在一起。请记住，公共避难所的位置可能会因 COVID-19而发生变化。与地方当局核实，以确定哪些公共避难所是开放的。

如果当局要求您撤离到公共避难所，请尽量携带有助于保护您和您的家人免受 COVID-19感染的物品，例如酒精含量至少为60%的洗手液、清洁材料和每人两个口罩.两岁以下的儿童、呼吸困难的人以及无法自行摘下口罩的人不应佩戴。

之后要安全

在您进入避难所之后，如果您可能在辐射到达后一直在外面。

脱掉被污染的衣服外层，以去除身体的沉降物和辐射。尽可能避免触摸您的眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴。

淋浴或用肥皂和水清洗，以去除任何未覆盖的皮肤或头发上的沉降物。如果您无法清洗或淋浴，请使用抹布或干净的湿布擦拭未覆盖的皮肤或头发。洗手液不能防止掉落。尽可能避免触摸您的眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴。不要在皮肤上使用消毒湿巾。

在辐射到达后清理外面的所有宠物。轻轻刷您宠物的外套以去除任何沉降颗粒，并用肥皂和水清洗您的宠物（如果有）。

食用或饮用包装好的食品或建筑物内的物品是安全的。不要食用在户外未覆盖且可能被放射性尘埃污染的食物或液体。

如果您生病或受伤，当当局告诉您可以安全离开时，请听取有关如何以及在何处就医的说明。如果您生病并需要医疗护理，请联系您的医疗保健提供者以获取指导。如果您在公共避难所，请立即通知该设施的工作人员，以便他们致电当地医院或诊所。如果您遇到医疗紧急情况，请致电9-1-1，让接线员知道您是否患有或认为您可能患有 COVID-19。如果可以，请在帮助到达之前戴上口罩。

通过视频和电话与您的社区进行虚拟互动。知道感到焦虑或压力是正常的。照顾好自己的身体，如果您感到不安，请与他人交谈。许多人可能已经对2019年冠状病毒（中共病毒）(COVID-19)感到恐惧和焦虑。核爆炸的威胁会增加额外的压力。遵循 CDC在创伤事件期间管理压力和在 COVID-19期间管理压力的指导。

与核爆炸有关的危险

明亮的闪光可导致暂时性失明，时间不超过一分钟。

爆炸波可导致死亡、受伤，并对爆炸点数英里外的建筑物造成损害。

放射性可以损害身体的细胞。大量照射可导致辐射病。火灾和高温可导致死亡、烧伤和对几英里外的建筑物的破坏。

电磁脉冲(EMP)会损坏距离爆炸几英里外的电力设备和电子设备，并在更远的地方造成临时中断。

FALLOUT是放射性的、可见的污垢和碎片，从数英里高的地方倾泻而下，可能导致外面的人生病。

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附原文

Nuclear Explosion

Nuclear explosions can cause significant damage and casualties from blast, heat, and radiation but you can keep your family safe by knowing what to do and being prepared if it occurs.

A nuclear weapon is a device that uses a nuclear reaction to create an explosion.

Nuclear devices range from a small portable device carried by an individual to a weapon carried by a missile.

A nuclear explosion may occur with or without a few minutes warning.

Fallout is most dangerous in the first few hours after the detonation when it is giving off the highest levels of radiation. It takes time for fallout to arrive back to ground level, often more than 15 minutes for areas outside of the immediate blast damage zones. This is enough time for you to be able to prevent significant radiation exposure by following these simple steps:

GET INSIDE

Get inside the nearest building to avoid radiation. Brick or concrete are best.

Remove contaminated clothing and wipe off or wash unprotected skin if you were outside after the fallout arrived. Hand sanitizer does not protect against fall out. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth, if possible. Do not use disinfectant wipes on your skin.

Go to the basement or middle of the building. Stay away from the outer walls and roof. Try to maintain a distance of at least six feet between yourself and people who are not part of your household. If possible, wear a mask if you’re sheltering with people who are not a part of your household. Children under two years old, people who have trouble breathing, and those who are unable to remove masks on their own should not wear them.

STAY INSIDE
Stay inside for 24 hours unless local authorities provide other instructions. Continue to practice social distancing by wearing a mask and by keeping a distance of at least six feet between yourself and people who not part of your household.

Family should stay where they are inside. Reunite later to avoid exposure to dangerous radiation.

Keep your pets inside.

STAY TUNED

Tune into any media available for official information such as when it is safe to exit and where you should go.

Battery operated and hand crank radios will function after a nuclear detonation.

Cell phone, text messaging, television, and internet services may be disrupted or unavailable.

HOW TO STAY SAFE IN THE EVENT OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

Prepare NOW

Identify shelter locations. Identify the best shelter location near where you spend a lot of time, such as home, work, and school. The best locations are underground and in the middle of larger buildings.

While commuting, identify appropriate shelters to seek in the event of a detonation. Due to COVID-19, many places you may pass on the way to and from work may be closed or may not have regular operating hours.

Outdoor areas, vehicles, mobile homes do NOT provide adequate shelter. Look for basements or the center of large multistory buildings.

Make sure you have an Emergency Supply Kit for places you frequent and might have to stay for 24 hours. It should include bottled water, packaged foods, emergency medicines, a hand-crank or battery-powered radio to get information in case power is out, a flashlight, and extra batteries for essential items. If possible, store supplies for three or more days.

If you are able to, set aside items like soap, hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol, disinfecting wipes, and general household cleaning supplies that you can use to disinfect surfaces you touch regularly. After a flood, you may not have access to these supplies for days or even weeks. Keep in mind each person’s specific needs, including medication. Don’t forget the needs of pets. Obtain extra batteries and charging devices for phones and other critical equipment.
Being prepared allows you to avoid unnecessary excursions and to address minor medical issues at home, alleviating the burden on urgent care centers and hospitals.

Remember that not everyone can afford to respond by stocking up on necessities. For those who can afford it, making essential purchases and slowly building up supplies in advance will allow for longer time periods between shopping trips. This helps to protect those who are unable to procure essentials in advance of the pandemic and must shop more frequently. In addition, consider avoiding WIC-labeled products so that those who rely on these products can access them.

Survive DURING

If warned of an imminent attack, immediately get inside the nearest building and move away from windows. This will help provide protection from the blast, heat, and radiation of the detonation.

When you have reached a safe place, try to maintain a distance of at least six feet between yourself and people who are not part of your household. If possible, wear a mask if you’re sheltering with people who are not a part of your household. Children under two years old, people who have trouble breathing, and those who are unable to remove masks on their own should not wear them.

If you are outdoors when a detonation occurs take cover from the blast behind anything that might offer protection. Lie face down to protect exposed skin from the heat and flying debris. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth, if possible. If you are in a vehicle, stop safely, and duck down within the vehicle.

After the shock wave passes, get inside the nearest, best shelter location for protection from potential fallout. You will have 10 minutes or more to find an adequate shelter.

Be inside before the fallout arrives. The highest outdoor radiation levels from fallout occur immediately after the fallout arrives and then decrease with time.

Stay tuned for updated instructions from emergency response officials. If advised to evacuate, listen for information about routes, shelters, and procedures.

If you have evacuated, do not return until you are told it is safe to do so by local officials.

Make plans to stay with friends or family in case of evacuation. Keep in mind that public shelter locations may have changed due to COVID-19. Check with local authorities to determine which public shelters are open.

If you are told by authorities to evacuate to a public shelter, try to bring items that can help protect yourself and your family from COVID-19, such as hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol, cleaning materials, and two masks per person. Children under two years old, people who have trouble breathing, and people who cannot remove masks on their own should not wear them.

Review the CDC’s guidelines for “Going to a Public Disaster Shelter During the COVID-19 Pandemic."

Be Safe AFTER

Immediately after you are inside shelter, if you may have been outside after the fallout arrived.

Remove your outer layer of contaminated clothing to remove fallout and radiation from your body. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth, if possible.

Take a shower or wash with soap and water to remove fallout from any skin or hair that was not covered. If you cannot wash or shower, use a wipe or clean wet cloth to wipe any skin or hair that was not covered. Hand sanitizer does not protect against fall out. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth, if possible. Do not use disinfectant wipes on your skin.

Clean any pets that were outside after the fallout arrived. Gently brush your pet’s coat to remove any fallout particles and wash your pet with soap and water, if available.

It is safe to eat or drink packaged food items or items that were inside a building. Do not consume food or liquids that were outdoors uncovered and may be contaminated by fallout.

If you are sick or injured, listen for instructions on how and where to get medical attention when authorities tell you it is safe to exit. If you are sick and need medical attention, contact your healthcare provider for instructions. If you are at a public shelter, immediately notify the staff at that facility so they can call a local hospital or clinic. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call 9-1-1 and let the operator know if you have, or think you might have, COVID-19. If you can, put on a mask before help arrives.

Engage virtually with your community through video and phone calls. Know that it’s normal to feel anxious or stressed. Take care of your body and talk to someone if you are feeling upset. Many people may already feel fear and anxiety about the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). The threat of a nuclear explosion can add additional stress. Follow CDC guidance for managing stress during a traumatic event and managing stress during COVID-19.

Hazards related to nuclear explosions
Bright FLASH can cause temporary blindness for less than a minute.
BLAST WAVE can cause death, injury, and damage to structures several miles out from the blast.
RADIATION can damage cells of the body. Large exposures can cause radiation sickness.
FIRE AND HEAT can cause death, burn injuries, and damage to structures several miles out.
ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) can damage electrical power equipment and electronics several miles out from the detonation and cause temporary disruptions further out.

FALLOUT is radioactive, visible dirt and debris raining down from several miles up that can cause sickness to those who are outside.